LCL vs FCL shipments: differences and how to choose
Container shipping is mainly offered in two modes: FCL and LCL. Making the right choice has an impact on cost, security, and delivery time. Below, we explain what each option consists of and how to decide.
What are FCL and LCL?
- FCL (Full Container Load): the container is used exclusively by a single exporter or importer. You pay a fee per container (whether you fill it or not).
- LCL (Less than Container Load): your goods share a container with others. You pay according to W/M (weight/volume: 1 m³ = 1,000 kg), with minimums and handling charges at consolidation terminals.
Key differences
1) Shipment volume
Size (m³) is the first filter:
- Rule of thumb: up to 10–12–13 m³ usually makes LCL worthwhile; above that, FCL is usually more efficient.
- It depends on the origin/destination, season, density (kg/m³), and space availability.
2) Security and handling
- FCL: less handling; the container travels sealed from origin to destination → lower risk of damage or confusion.
- LCL: more loading/unloading points at CFS (consolidation/deconsolidation). The goods are well palletized and stowed but receive more “handling” in the chain.
3) Total cost
- LCL: rate per W/M, with minimums and local CFS charges at origin/destination. Generally more stable throughout the year.
- FCL: per container rate (20’, 40’, 40’HC, etc.), sensitive to seasonal peaks and the spot market. It can be more cost-effective even below ~12 m³ if freight rates are low or if local LCL charges are high.
4) Lead time and predictability
- FCL: usually faster and more predictable.
- LCL: adds consolidation/deconsolidation times and, if there are transshipments, can accumulate delays. Ideal when dates are flexible.
When is each option best?
| Situation | Best option |
|---|---|
| 1–10/12 m³ and tight budget | LCL |
| >12–15 m³ or speed is a priority | FCL |
| Fragile/sensitive or very valuable cargo | FCL |
| Routes with very low spot freight rates | FCL (even with <12m it can be worthwhile) |
| Small, non-urgent shipment | LCL |
Other factors to consider
- Density and packaging: very dense loads can be penalized in LCL (W/M).
- Special cargo: dangerous, oversized, or high-value goods usually require FCL.
- Local charges: in LCL there are CFS and handling costs; in FCL, watch out for delays and container detentions.
- Operations: FCL offers greater control over cut-offs, loading appointments, and terminal times.
Not sure whether to choose LCL or FCL? We will prepare a cost breakdown for you, including freight, local charges, and delivery times for your specific route.
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